A 300 MCM copper conductor will limit the voltage drop to 3% or less when supplying 125 amps for 500 feet on a 250 volt system.
On a situation like this two Transformers might be considered. One to boost the voltage to a higher level. This allows a smaller and less expensive conductor to be used between the two transformers and then drop the voltage down at the load end to feed the load at the recommended value.
Price out the cost of the 300MCM conductor and then compare that against the cost of the two transformers and the new smaller wire size. By boosting the voltage to 600 volts between the transformers the wire can be reduced to a 1/0 copper conductor. This will limit the voltage drop to 3% or less when supplying 125 amps for 500 feet on a 600 volt system.
6 AWG will handle 50 amps with a voltage drop of about 4 volts. If you go to 4 AWG and limit to 50 amps your voltage drop will be 2.5 volts.
At the service entrance you will need AWG 1/0 gauge.
AWG # 10.
Watts are the product of multiplying volts times amps.
At 120 volts it will pull 4.166 amps. At 240 volts it will pull 2.08 amps.
15 amps
30 amps.
Generally 40 amps continuous or 50 amps surge is safe.
You would need to use a #12 copper conductor to continuously draw 14 amps at 120 volts.
6 AWG will handle 50 amps with a voltage drop of about 4 volts. If you go to 4 AWG and limit to 50 amps your voltage drop will be 2.5 volts.
You use an "amp gauge" to measure amps in an actual circuit. It is hooked in series with the load. It can be placed anywhere in the circuit as long as it is hooked in series. Mathematically, you have to know the resistance, or wattage and voltage of a circuit. Volts=amps*resistance or amps=volts/resistance, or resistance=volts/amps. Ohms law!
At the service entrance you will need AWG 1/0 gauge.
5000 watts
10 gauge
AWG # 10.
A #14 wire will do the job.
10 AWG copper.