It depends upon the distance, but typically a short to medium run (0-50 feet) of 12 gauge can carry 20 amps safely. There are charts that list the gauge of wire and the length of runs that can carry amperages safely. For instance, a 12 gauge wire run 150 feet can only carry 15 amps safely instead of 20. The longer the run, you need to drop a gauge as a general rule.
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In the United States and according to the NEC, 12 gauge COPPER wire cannot be placed on any breaker larger than 20 amps. There are exceptions to this regarding motors, but I'm guessing this isn't a motor question. Beyond motors, there are no exceptions to this rule.
Voltage isn't a consideration in most cases because if you just go to a store and ask for wire, what they usually sell you is THHN insulated wire that is rated 600 volts. So long as the voltage rating is at or above any voltage contained in the same conduit or wireway, it is acceptable.
A #14 copper conductor with a insulation factor of 60,75 or 90 degrees C is rated at 15 amps.
A 12 gauge wire can support a load of approximately 2200 watts.
No, 10 gauge wire requires the use of a 30 amp breaker. A 20 amp breaker is only used on 12 gauge wire.
No. A 20 amp breaker needs 12 gauge wire.
14 gauge will handle it with a 15 amp breaker. If you use 12 gauge use a 20 amp breaker.
Normally it is a 20 amp using AWG 12/2 gauge wire. But it really depends on what size wire is on that circuit. If it is white AWG 14 gauge then use a 15 amp breaker. If it is yellow AWG 12 gauge then use a 20 amp breaker.