You are probably measuring between the one leg of the 240 volts and the neutral or the ground pin connection. Take the measurement from the two outside blade holes on the receptacle. There the reading should be 230 to 240 volts. Between either of the outside blade holes and the neutral or ground you should read around 120 volts.
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There is no requirement on the distance the dryer must be from a sink. Any 120 volt outlet must be GFCI protected if it is within 6 feet of a sink. There is no requirement for a 240 volt dryer outlet. I would not want the dryer right next to the sink and I would want the dryer to be on a 4 wire circuit and not a 3 wire circuit. Use common sense here.
On a 240 volt outlet, such as a dryer outlet: G is Ground, W is Neutral, X and Y are the two Hot legs.
The formula you are looking for is I = W/E. W = kW x 1000.
On a 240 volt outlet, such as a dryer outlet: G is Ground, W is Neutral, X and Y are the two Hot legs.
On a 3 wire dryer cord there is no green wire. The white wire coming from the outlet is connected to ground or the green screw. The black and red wires are the hot wires.