...a function call.
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I believe, you can use C-function - printf().
The goto statement.
Assuming you mean a code block, a group of simple statements enclosed in braces {} is regarded as a code block. In other words, a compound statement. Braces are not required around simple statements except when the statement is the body of a function (where braces are mandatory).
I'm not sure I fully understand the question. Operators and functions are not the same. However, many operators also have named alternatives implemented as functions, such that "add" is synonymous with the binary increment operator while "plus" is synonymous with the unary plus operator. However these are completely separate implementations that do the same thing such that the function implementation typically invokes the operator (with implicit inline expansion to factor away the unwanted function call). There is no way to determine the underlying function of an operator, nor the underlying operator of a function without having access to the implementation source code. Such implementation details cannot be accessed at compile time let alone runtime.
Curly braces are used to mark the start and end of a statement, typically used when the statement body consists of two or more individual statements. However they are also used to mark the start and end of a class declaration and function bodies.