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Many definitions of exterior and interior lines of operations are given by military writers, but it will be sufficient to say that "Interior lines are those of an army centrally situated acting against divided hostile forces; exterior lines are those adopted by divided armies acting against a centrally placed opponent."
The output waveform will be limited to the difference between the supply and ground (or between the positive and negative supplies). This causes distortion of the output waveform.
A diode-clipping circuit is used to skip some portion of the signal (e.g. the half way/full way rectifiers rectify the '-ve' or '+ve' part of the signal). A diode-clamping circuit is used to add some signals to the original signal.
Tolerance is something that is unintended measurement... whereas allowance is one that we give to the material to undergo some process in the future.... For example a cylindrical bore is done undersize to allow honing process in the future,,, and at the final operation we check whether the final size is in the given upper and lower tolerance limits... over tolerance is unintended and we process the material for average size as far as possible.***********Mathematically:Tolerance = |MMC - LMC|Allowance = MMC(interior) - MMC(exterior)MMC - Maximum Material Condition; instance of feature dimensions that gives maximum volume, consistent with tolerances.LMC - Least Material Condition; instance of feature dimensions that gives least volume, consistent with tolerances.Interior - A hole is an interior featureExterior - A shaft is an exterior feature
Transfer function is the relationship between output and input of a circuit. In the clipping circuit, the general transfer function is such that the transfer curve Av is less than 1 for passive limiter and greater than 0 to limit the maximum and minimum voltage value.