An infinite amount... for any given Strain, there is a corresponding Stress value. To see what I mean, plot a Stress Strain graph in excel using 10 sets of values, then do another using 20... the one with 20 has a smoother curve, see where I'm coming from?
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Depends on what alloy you mean. If you are talking about pure Al (AISI1xxx), it is generally accepted to yield about 7-11Mpa. Another thing to consider is that Al does not have as pronounced yield as say Fe systems. The 0.2% offset stress is used in most calculations regarding Al yield stress and is calculated as follows: L = length of sample ->0.2%*L=0.2% offset strain. Plot this point on stress/strain graph and draw line from this point on the strain axis parallel to the elastic slope of the material until it reaches the data points. This intersection is the 0.2% offset stress point.
Just like axial stress, shear stress is force divided by area. The area is the surface the force acts over. For example, imagine two wood blocks that are nailed together. If you apply a force to the top block orthogonal to the longitudinal axis of the nail and the same force in the opposite direction to the bottom block, the shear stress (𝝉) in the nail is 𝝉 = F/A or F/(πr2) where r is the radius of the nail.
The 'null'-content of any given field is just that. It's a 'nothing'. Example, if you create a database to hold chemical values for instance. If the values are, for example, real nubers. That would imply that any value that has 0 in it, is just that; zero. It was beeing measured, and found to contain zero. On the other hand if a value was not tested, the value of that compound should be set to 'null'. If a 'null' value isn't supported by the database a workaround is to set 'null' values to -1 (as per the example above). --
The big disadvantage I've found is that you might mistake it for a user-defined type. It's not; you still have to use int for your variable type and compilers will not do anything to help restricted assignment to values from the enumeration.
The sine wave is the curve that naturally occurs when the restoring force is proportional to the displacement. The math is a little complicated (the sine wave in this case is the solution of the corresponding differential equation), but the point is, this relationship between the force and the displacement is a fairly common situation.