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As we know numerical relays use DIGITAL SIGNAL PROCESSOR as its computational hardware and based on microprocessor.

WORKING:

Analog input is feed into the anti aliasing filter which is a low pass filter.Output of this filter is feed into the sample and hold circuit , frequency of sampling should be twice of our highest frequency of interest(according to the nyquist criterion).if sampling frequency kept low than aliasing input may occur.

after the sampling, signal are feed into the multiplexer,where all the signal get multiplexed and we have a single signal.this signal is feed into the analog to digital converter.this digital signal is feed into the microprocessor and microprocessor generates control signal according to its input.

for example

if you are using N.R. for over-current protection than you should set a value of current in your program.if the value of current passes through the circuit is greater than the set value..than N.R. enables the circuit breaker and hence our system is protected..

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12y ago
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9y ago

These are microprocessor-based relays in contrast to other relays that are electromechanically controlled. These relays provide great precision and convenience in application in the sophisticated electronic products. By combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays.

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Numerical and microprocessor relay comparison?

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What is Numerical Relays?

These are microprocessor-based relays in contrast to other relays that are electromechanically controlled. These relays provide great precision and convenience in application in the sophisticated electronic products. By combining several functions in one case, numerical relays also save capital cost and maintenance cost over electromechanical relays. The first protection devices based on microprocessors were employed in 1985. The widespread acceptance of numerical technology by the customer and the experiences of the user helped in developing the second generation numerical relays in 1990. Modern power system protection devices are built with integrated functions. Multi-functions like protection, control, monitoring and measuring are available today in numeric power system protection devices. Also, the communication capability of these devices facilitates remote control, monitoring and data transfer. Traditionally, electromechanical and static protection relays offered single-function, single characteristics, whereas modern numeric protection offers multi-function and multiple characteristics. Some protections also offer adaptable characteristics, which dynamically change the protection characteristic under different system conditions by monitoring the input parameters. The measuring principles and techniques of conventional relays (electromechanical and static) are fewer than those of the numerical technique, which can differ in many aspects like the type of protection algorithm used, sampling, signal processing, hardware selection, software discipline, etc. First generation numerical relays were mainly designed to meet the static relay protection characteristic, whereas modern numeric protection devices are capable of providing complete protection with added functions like control and monitoring. Numerical protection devices offer several advantages in terms of protection, reliability, and trouble shooting and fault information. Numerical protection devices are available for generation, transmission and distribution systems. The following sections cover relay hardware, relay software, multiple protection characteristics, adaptive protection characteristics, data storage, instrumentation feature, self-check feature, communication capability, additional functions, size and cost-effectiveness.


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