It's a dynamical system that allows to reconstruct state vector of a nonlinear system using observation of the system output. See the Wikipedia article "State Observers".
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For example the cause of sliding friction of two materials is when the stress between the Materials is not equal to zero
http://wiki.answers.com/Q/What_are_the_differences_between_minimum_mode_and_maximum_mode maximum mode?
TE10 mode is the dominant mode with a>b, since it has the lowest attenuation of all modes. Either m or n can be zero, but not both.
it depends upon the sliding of fibers or grains on each other, if sliding is more so you will get more compressive strength.
yes