Variables define a certain value, such as an integer, string, boolean value, etc. Functions are defined to run a certain task, and may or may not return a value. You can have a function that calculates the sum of two numbers and returns the sum once calculated.
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Everything. "inline" refers to functions, "const" refers to variables.
Classes are expanded concepts of structures, and can hold functions along with variables and other information.
Literals are constants.
difference between constant and static variables in java
Class methods are the member functions that act upon member variables. An object is an instance of a class. C does not support object-oriented programming, but C++ does.