Axle
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Bearing.
Keys are used while joining two shafts using couplings. When the shaft rotates at speeds greater than what it is designed for, The key purposefully undergoes failure and thus prevents damage to both the shaft and the coupling.
A cam is an elliptical or tear-drop shaped form mounted to a rotating shaft. It is used to transfer rotating motion to linear motion. As the shaft rotates, the cam pushes on a rod that moves it back and forth as the rod follows the contour of the cam.
A motor rotates a shaft that carries a drill. -A much better explanation is available if you specify WHICH 'drilling machine' -rather than such a broad definition.
A ball valve is a ball with a hole through it that rotates around its axis to expose the hole for flow or the solid wall of the ball for no flow. The butterfly valve is a flat piece that is supported in the middle by a shaft that opens or closes when the shaft is rotated.