This is a good indication that the motor is being overloaded. If the motor load is belt driven, remove the belt and then check the motor amps. If it goes back to normal FLA then there is a problem with the driven load. If the motor amperage stays high check the motor bearings for the problem.
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A motor will draw up to 300% more current on start up over its rated full load current?
yes the motor will run but will draw more current and the torque will be not constant means not smooth due to unbalanced current
The bulb with the lowest resistance. Current = Volts / Resistance
Look on the motor's chart for "Locked rotor current" its going to be high because the motor is trying to overcome infinite inertia. Any motor will draw 8 - 10 times its rated current upon start up because you are overcoming inertia. It takes more energy to start any system than it does to keeping it running.
Depends on how big the motor is. A stronger motor will draw more amps then a weaker or less efficient motor. For example a wiper motor draws far less then a starter motor.
As anything to do with timing values for an electronic system of controlling a motor. Based on the question, the simple answer is that the capacitor causes a 90 degree lead which allows the motor to have a magnetic shift which causes the motor to start rotation.