RAID 6 provides the most fault tolerance of any standard RAID disk arrays (RAID 0, 1 , 5, 6, and RAID 10). If any two disks in a RAID 6 array fail and are removed, then two new blank disks can be installed and no data has been lost. RAID 1+1 or most other "layered" RAID systems can provide more fault tolerance than RAID 6, tolerating the failure of any 3 disks. Some experimental non-standard disk arrays can provide more fault tolerance with less overhead, such as the parchive system. Nearly all distributed file systems and distributed version control systems can be set up so that if one machine is completely destroyed by fire, all the data can be recovered from a backup machine in another building.
The redundancy is nothing but the reduction.The temporal locality is of relating to short time requirements.And the spatial is of relating to over environment.The redundancy occur in the images are of most common,so many techniques applied to overcome this. In image temporal redundancy is of abrupt transitions while in spatial it is of block based transitions.Spatial is applied at minimum cost and temporal is at maximum cost.Threshold values apply to temporal redundancy and the pixel comparison technique applies to spatial redundancy.
A) failover clusteringB) standby serversC) splitting scopes
Fault tolerance was a major focus of the intitial design of the Internet because the serial data connections that formed the backbone of the Internet were noisy and subject to bit errors, both single and burst, because they often used telephone lines, and various techniques were developed to detect/retransmit or detect/correct errors. Data integrity was and is paramount, and most protection is provided at layer four (transport layer), although much work has been done recently to enhance layer 2 (network layer) and layer 1 (physical layer).
Parallel Backbone
Mesh type of topology is the most reliable.
star topology. Because they include a centralized connection point; can easily be moved, isolated, or interconnected with other networks; they are, therefore, scalable. For this reason, and because of their fault tolerance, the star topology has become the most popular layout used in contemporary LANs.
Reliable because a hybrid topology can diagnose and isolate faults efficiently. A network fault (such as a faulty node or a break in a network cable) will not affect the performance of the rest of the network. A hybrid network quickly scans all nodes and hardware points to detect where a fault lies, isolates it, and carries out further diagnostic tests. The rest of the network remains fully functional while this fault isolation and diagnosis is carried out. Flexible because I combine various configurations to bring about most optimal conditions to suit network traffic, processing loads and data latency. Hybrid networks can be expanded easily to add new systems and nodes. Each concentration point (or the point which a network connection is made) is designed to hold extra lobes. Additional network hardware peripherals can be attached to these lobes in order to increase capacity.A hybrid topology is able to tap into the strengths of other topologies and ignore their weaknesses. This results in a complex network that is more efficient and effective than individual topologies. It combines the optimal features of its combined topologies. For instance, a star-wired ring topology combines the features of a star topology with those of a ring topology. This hybrid topology combines the fault tolerance capability of the star topology with the data reliability of the ring topology. A star-wired bus topology combines the features of a star topology with a linear bus topology. It combines the network extension features of the bus topology with the simplicity and fault tolerance of the star topology.
There are several advantages to a mesh network topology. First, it is fault tolerant; since there is no gateway, nodes can connect to each other with no regard to the state of the rest of the network. In addition, nodes can create their own paths through the network because there is no gateway computer. One disadvantage to a mesh topology is that setup time can be quite time consuming.
Bus topology is the most popular topology. Justify.
The "star" topology is the most common.
mesh topology
The most common LAN topology is that of a "star." In a star topology, each computer, or "node", is connected to a central hub. This is more reliable than a more classical "ring" topology, because a node failing will not bring down the entire network. A bus topology is arguably more reliable, but has poorer performance.
Bus Topology
For a topology, the most common is a star topology.
Mesh topology is the most secure topology bcoz in mesh topology each device has a dedicated link to others .
Star