a singularity
Yes. That's what specific gravity is all about - the comparison of the density of a material to that of an equal volume of water. If a material or substance has a specific gravity equal to that of water, its specific gravity (sometimes called "spee gee" by the chemists) is 1. If it is more dense, say twice as dense as water, its spee gee will be 2. If the spee gee of a substance, in this case a mineral, is less than 1, it is less dense than water and will float. There may be a few exceptions for porous materials, but this is the rule.
Solids are the most dense as their particles are most closely packed.
Actually, hot, less dense material rises, and cold, denser material sinks. Denser material will be heavier (per unit volume) and gravity therefore pulls it down. Less dense material has buoyancy and rises. It's very logical.
Any object placed in water will be pulled down into the liquid by gravity. But an object less dense than water will only be pulled down until the object displaces an amount of water equal to its own mass. Then it will float. The water will be pushing up equal to the force of gravity pulling down - an equilibrium. Any object that weighs less than its own volume of water will float. It's lower overall density will result in buoyancy.
Solid, liquid, plasma, gas.
Numbers are infinitely dense. Between any two rational or real numbers, no matter how close, there are infinitely many numbers.
Theoretically, an infinitely dense point of matter produced when a major star collapsed; the gravity shift and the huge amount of mass imploding creates a vaccuum which draws surrounding matter into it continuously, increasing the amount of matter but not necessarily the space it takes up; matter is crushed and compated into ridiculously small pieces.
You are referring to a black hole.
Nothing, it is a property of matter. However that said, Gravity can collapse matter making it more dense.
A neutron star is the remnant of a massive star. It consists of an extremely dense collection of neutrons that is prevented from collapsing further by neutron degeneracy pressure. While they have extremely strong gravity, neutron stars still emit light. A black hole is an object that has completely collapsed under the force of gravity, forming an infinitely dense singularity. Within certain radius, nothing, not even light escapes.
A singularity is a point in space-time in which matter and energy are infinitely dense, as at the center of a black hole or at the moment of the Big Bang.
Infinitely many. The set of rational numbers (as well as irrationals) are infinitely dense. This means that no matter how close you pick two rational numbers, there are infinitely many rational numbers between them. And if you pick any two of those, there are infinitely many between those two.
A neutron star is the collapsed core of a star in which atoms have been crushed, and electrons have fused with protons to form neutrons. The collapse stops at this point. A neutron star is extremely dense but has a finite density and emits radiation. A black hole is an object that has collapsed completely to an infinitely dense point. It cannot really be considered matter at this point. Around this singularity is a region of extremely strong gravity and highly distorted spacetime from which nothing, not even light can escape.
No, gravity pulls ALL matter toward Earth's center. Matter that has greater density simply has a greater weight per unit volume.
In Physics, singularity is a point at which a function takes an infinite value, especially in space-time when matter is infinitely dense, as at the center of a black hole.
Gravity is the resulting force created, as infinitely smaller and smaller masses orbit larger masses in space, which allows matter to become compacted into smaller and more dense proximity, and at the same time, creating a relative void in space, which causes the less massive of two bodies in space, to continually fall toward the more massive body in space.
All energy and matter (which are the same thing) makes the fabric of spacetime curve. The curvature of spacetime is what we interpret as gravity. Therefore all material things attract each other by gravity. Rocks are matter. --- All matter attracts other matter. The force of gravity increases with the total mass and decreases inversely with distance. Dense, heavy objects will have more mass, and those nearby have a greater local gravitation than less dense matter or matter farther away. But the Earth is so much larger than any collection of rocks that the gravity of the rocks is negligible by comparison.