The minor axis of a rectangular column or beam is the line that goes through the center. The minor axis will be shorter than the major axis.
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It is the shortest between major axis and the minor axis, minor axis causes the least moment.
I have seen many answers to this question on the web and while all were correct in their intent, they were all technically wrong or ambiguous because they failed to use definitive language. The minor and major axes lie perpendicular to each other in the plane of the cross-sectional area of the beam. The major axis bisects the area 'short-ways,' the minor, 'long-ways.' Now if like me, you were confused in 1st-grade by the terms in quotes, the major axis is the one about which the greatest moment of inertia can be calculated. Or, if you think of the axes as wires laying in a puddle shaped like the cross-sectional area, the minor axis will have more of its length wet than the major axis. -Scott Scoville, PE
none. circular columns are better than rectangular ones.
A wall without column structure. The wall itself support the loading from the upper floor. In conventional structure, the column support the loading from the upper beam and transfer it to the lower beam.
You will have to have an engineer spec that beam for you. You will save yourself time and money by cutting the span with a column.
Differential beam bending is when the beam is being bent at equally but at opposite sides. The beam can be bend in separate areas of a single beam or be two different parallel beams.