I think it's called a contigous region, or maybe a bounded area, something like that.
A Maze
line
a line segment
actually, there is, depending on your definition of polygon, and your definition of a line segment. A line segment is the shortest path btwn two points, right? So take a sphere and pick any two points on that sphere. The shortest path between them on the surface of the sphere would be a "curve" along the surface, but it's the shortest path between the points, so it technally is a line segment. Take two of these line segments that intersect at two points, and there is your two sided polygon!
straight line
A Maze
short or short circuit
Circle.
That path might be called a circuit. If the path is complete, it's a closed circuit.
A closed path through which a current can flow is called a circuit. Electric Circuit:)
That's called the "distance" between the points.
To orbit the object.
That is called a switch.
A closed circuit
That would be called a 'circuit' or 'closed circuit'.
Ellipse
That would be called a 'circuit' or 'closed circuit'.