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Which radiographic projection has the patient positioned with the back parallel to the film?
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
anteroposterior
Wiki User
∙ 11y ago
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Which projection has the patient positioned at the right angles of the film?
Lateral
How do veterinarians use geometry?
"As a veterinarian we use math daily in various ways. Probably the most common way I use math is to calculate drug dosages for my patients. Since I have patients ranging from 1-200 pounds, there is a wide range of dosages I could use for different medications. For example, if I have a 5 pound Chihuahua that needs a medication that is dosed at 25 mg/kg, I first have to convert weight in pounds to weight in kilograms. (5/2.2=2.27 kg) Then I need to calculate the amount of mgs needed (2.27x25=56.8mg) Then if the medicine is a liquid that comes in a concentration of 100mg/1 ml I have to calculate the amount of liquid needed. (56.8/100=0.57 mls) This is done over and over and over again all day long. We also have certain medications that are dosed according to a body surface area. Other areas we use math and not as obvious to many people. We use it during surgery and radiology as well. In some surgeries we need to make incisions perpendicular to certain body structures or parallel to certain blood vessels. Many orthopedic surgeries are done with specific angles of the bones or joints in mind. In radiology we have to take films at a certain angle of the beam as it enters the patient. With IV fluids and medications, I need to be able to calculate the amount of dehydration is occurring in the patient in order to determine how much fluids need to be given to rehydrate and then maintain hydration. We use math to calculate the amount to food an animal needs to eat. We can calculate the daily metabolic needs of a patient and then figure out how many calories are in the food the dog eats in order to determine how much to feed."
What was Euclid like?
No one really knows what Euclid of Alexandria is like. Most of the documentation about Euclid himself was written after his death by Proclus and Pappus of Alexandria. Very little is known about him, no one even knows the physical appearance of Euclid. According to some of his quotes, Euclid could have been a kind, patient man with a bit of sarcasm. King Ptolemy once asked Euclid if there was an easier way to study math than Elements, to which he then replied, "Sire, there is no royal road to geometry," and sent one of the most powerful kings off to study. On another occasion, a student of his questioned the value of learning geometry, asking, "What do I get by learning these things?" Euclid responded by summoning a slave and replying, "Give him three pence, since he must make a gain of what he learns."
What is vaginal mesh?
Surgeons first used surgical mesh in the 1950s, to treat abdominal hernias. In the 1970s, by cutting that same type of surgical mesh into a different shape, doctors began using it to treat female Stress Urinary Incontinence (SUI) and Pelvic Organ Prolapse (POP)-a condition in which a woman's bladder, rectum, bowels and/or reproductive organs slip down into her vaginal opening. In 2001, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) reviewed the first surgical mesh specifically indicated for the treatment of POP and found it substantially equivalent to surgical mesh indicated for hernia repair. The FDA issued this finding without clinical data. Since then, the agency has cleared without clinical data many other mesh products indicated for the treatment of POP. Mesh Products Are Available In Both Biologic And Synthetic Form The vaginal mesh products on the market fall into the following four categories: • non-absorbable synthetic (e.g., polypropylene or polyester), • absorbable synthetic (e.g., poly(lactic-co-glycolic acid) or poly(caprolactone)), • biologic (e.g., acellular collagen derived from bovine or porcine sources), and • composite (i.e., a combination of any of the previous three categories). Using Vaginal Mesh To Treat POP and SUI "In general, mesh products for vaginal POP repair are configured to match the anatomical defect they are designed to correct," according to the FDA executive summary titled "Surgical Mesh for Treatment of Women With Pelvic Organ Prolapse and Stress Urinary Incontinence." When doctors use mesh to treat SUI, they create a hammock of support under the urethra. When doctors first started using mesh to treat POP and SUI, they were doing so via incisions in the patient's abdomen. By the 1990s, doctors began treating SUI and POP by inserting mesh transvaginally (i.e., through the vagina). Many of the problems vaginal mesh recipients are currently suffering are due to the transvaginal placement of the mesh products.
Coombs' test?
DefinitionThe Coombs' test looks for antibodies that may bind to your red blood cells and cause premature red blood cell destruction (hemolysis).Alternative NamesDirect antiglobulin test; Indirect antiglobulin testHow the test is performedBlood is typically drawn from a vein, usually from the inside of the elbow or the back of the hand. The site is cleaned with germ-killing medicine (antiseptic). The health care provider wraps an elastic band around the upper arm to apply pressure to the area and make the vein swell with blood.Next, the health care provider gently inserts a needle into the vein. The blood collects into an airtight vial or tube attached to the needle. The elastic band is removed from your arm. Once the blood has been collected, the needle is removed, and the puncture site is covered to stop any bleeding.In infants or young children, a sharp tool called a lancet may be used to puncture the skin and make it bleed. The blood collects into a small glass tube called a pipette, or onto a slide or test strip. A bandage may be placed over the area if there is any bleeding.How to prepare for the testNo special preparation is necessary for this test.How the test will feelWhen the needle is inserted to draw blood, some people feel moderate pain, while others feel only a prick or stinging sensation. Afterward, there may be some throbbing or a bruise may develop at the site where the needle was inserted.Why the test is performedThere are two forms of the Coombs' test: direct and indirect.The direct Coombs' test is used to detect antibodies that are already bound to the surface of red blood cells. Many diseases and drugs (quinidine, methyldopa, and procainamide) can lead to production of these antibodies. These antibodies sometimes destroy red blood cells and cause anemia. This test is sometimes performed to diagnose the cause of anemia or jaundice.The indirect Coombs' test looks for unbound circulating antibodies against a series of standardized red blood cells. The indirect Coombs' test is only rarely used to diagnose a medical condition. More often, it is used to determine whether a person might have a reaction to a blood transfusion.Normal ValuesNo clumping of cells (agglutination), indicating that there are no antibodies to red blood cells, is normal.Normal value ranges may vary slightly among laboratories. Talk to your doctor about the meaning of your specific test results.What abnormal results meanAn abnormal (positive) direct Coombs' test means you have antibodies that act against your red blood cells. This may be due to:Autoimmune hemolytic anemia without another causeChronic lymphocytic leukemia or other lymphoproliferative disorderDrug-induced hemolytic anemia (many drugs have been associated with this complication)Erythroblastosis fetalis (hemolytic disease of the newborn)Infectious mononucleosisMycoplasmal infectionSyphilisSystemic lupus erythematosus or another rheumatologic conditionTransfusion reaction, such as one due to improperly matched units of bloodThe test is also abnormal in some people without any clear cause, especially among the elderly. Up to 3% of people who are in the hospital without a known blood disorder will have an abnormal direct Coombs' test.An abnormal (positive) indirect Coombs' test means you have antibodies that will act against red blood cells your body views as foreign. This may suggest:Autoimmune or drug-induced hemolytic anemiaErythroblastosis fetalis hemolytic diseaseIncompatible blood match (when used in blood banks)What the risks areVeins and arteries vary in size from one patient to another and from one side of the body to the other. Obtaining a blood sample from some people may be more difficult than from others.Other risks associated with having blood drawn are slight but may include:Excessive bleedingFainting or feeling light-headedHematoma (blood accumulating under the skin)Infection (a slight risk any time the skin is broken)ReferencesPowers A, Silberstein LE. Autoimmune hemolytic anemia. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr., Shattil SS, et al., eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2008: chap 47.Schrier SL, Price EA. Extrinsic nonimmune hemolytic anemias. In: Hoffman R, Benz EJ Jr., Shattil SS, et al., eds. Hematology: Basic Principles and Practice. 5th ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Churchill Livingston Elsevier; 2008: chap 48.Schwartz RS. Autoimmune and intravascular hemolytic anemias. In: Goldman L, Ausiello D, eds. Cecil Medicine. 23rd ed. Philadelphia, Pa: Saunders Elsevier; 2007:chap 164.
What type of radiographic projection has the patient positioned facing the film and parallel to it?
A PA film has the patient facing and parallel to the film.
Which radiographic projection has the patient positioned so the body is slanted sideways to the film?
oblique
Which projection has the patient positioned facing the film and parallel to it?
posteroanterior projection
What projection has the patient positioned with the back parallel to the film?
anteroposterior
Which projection has the patient positioned at the right angles of the film?
Lateral
Is it true or false that an oblique projection has the patient's body positioned parallelto the film?
true
How is the patient positioned for a cone biopsy?
The procedure is performed with the patient lying on her back with her legs in stirrups.
When the patient is positioned at right angles to the film this is known as?
LATERAL
How is the patient positioned during a cone biopsy?
The procedure is performed with the patient lying on her back with her legs in stirrups.
How a quadriplegia patient can use his laptop on his bed?
The patient can use the laptop if both laptop and patient are properly positioned with the patient utilising a tool which can be clenched between the teeth .
How is a patient positioned for a colpotomy?
The patient is placed in a supine position on the operating table with her legs in stirrups and the incision site is prepared.
Is it true for the AP projection of the scapula the patient is supine the CR is perpendicular to the film and the patients arm is flexed?
No, it is not true that for an AP projection of the scapula that a patient is supine and the CR is perpendicular to the film with the patients arm flexed. The AP projection of the scapula is done standing up similar to a chest xray.
