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Ptolemy
Aristotle came first, followed by Ptolemy, then Copernicus and Galileo. Other important players in the story after them were Tycho Brahe, Johannes Kepler and Isaac Newton.
Galileo explained the backwatds motion of the planets
No, it was Copernicus who developed that view. Galileo agreed with it, however.
Copernicus proposed a heliocentric model with the sun at the center of the solar system, while Galileo supported this idea with observational evidence through his use of the telescope. Galileo's observations also challenged the geocentric model supported by the Catholic Church at the time.