Long ago, Japan had no writing system for its language. After contact with China the Chinese character system was borrowed and used to write Japanese, but it was awkward because the person reading it had to interpret the grammar for Japanese (very different from Chinese grammar) and add verb forms and things that were not in the text. Eventually an alphabet representing sounds instead of ideas was invented (based on some of the Chinese characters) to show things like verb tenses and conjugations. They are still used because of this, and because some items of vocabulary sound the same and would be confusing if written the same, so there are some words written with Chinese characters only, some with a combination, and some with only hiragana or katakana. Words imported from other languages are usually written with katakana.
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There is only one English alphabet, and it cannot be translated into the Japanese alphabet because there is no such thing as a Japanese alphabet. Japanese uses syllabaries and picture-symbols in its writing.
First of all, most alphabets on the planet are phonetic. So a phonetic alphabet IS a conventional alphabet. A notable exception to this rule is English, which has a phonemic alphabet instead of a phonetic one. A phonetic alphabet is more consistent because there is no ambiguity regarding pronunciation.
One fact is that the alphabet was easier than cuneiform.
There is no such word that contains all the alphabets, because no word is written in more than one alphabet. If you meant which word contains all the letters of the alphabet, there is also no such word.
The greek one... as it was the world's powerforce (before the common era - to limit the timespace). And of course the latin alphabet... we use it still today. Some sign alphabets were used too, longer in the north than in the south, due to the territory of influence the Romans had.