Different number systems are taught, for one, to let you understand the basic concepts. Most number systems, however, will seldom be used. If you work with computers, you will mainly need:
Base 10, because that is the system we commonly use in "real life".
Base 2, because that is the system used internally by computers.
Base 16, often used as a shortcut to express base 2 numbers.
Base 8 can also be used as such a shortcut, but it is not commonly used nowadays. Base 8 is mainly a relic from the past.