Probably some sort of vaguely worm-like organism, sharing features of both animals and fungi (which is kinda our extremely distant relative). Before that, it's cells all the way down.
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animals, plants, and fungi
Species. That's probably the answer you want but there are also subspecies defined for many animals.
The elephants, of course. Chickens aren't animals, they're birds. ================================================== Many people confuse "animals" and "mammals." Both chickens and elephants are animals. However, elephants are mammals and chickens are birds. Whoever asked you this riddle is probably confused about the difference between animals and mammals.
The concept of counting numbers (the natural numbers) probably predates human beings because many animals can distinguish between small numbers.
The history of business mathematics has evolved greatly from antiquity to the present. Math began with simple counting and has now evolved to computers and calculators.