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Cryptography is basically the process of hiding information in order to protect the sensitive information, data or message from unknown attacks for any reasons. Cryptography actually consists of two terms encryption and decryption. The process in which message is ciphered or encrypted is known as encryption and the process in which message is deciphered at recipients end is known as decryption. And this whole process is known as cryptography. Public keys and private keys are used in the process of cryptography. Cryptography can be seen as symmetric and asymmetric. In symmetric cryptography same key is used for both encryption and decryption while in asymmetric different keys are used for both encryption and decryption. Today Cryptography is used in various fields like ATM, e-banking, IT security, Maths etc.
There is no specific number of symbols that can be used. You can use any letter of any alphabet.
Alphanumeric characters means any combination of letters and digits. Sometimes other special symbols are allowed, too - so alphanumeric may sometimes be understood to mean a combination of just about any type of symbols.
It means that in some place of the application any type of symbol is accepted - letters, numbers, spaces, special symbols.
They are called decimal digits.