No, never.
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Yes. In fact, a rational plus or minus an irrational will always be irrational.
No. A rational plus an irrational is always an irrational.
Since the sum of two rational numbers is rational, the answer will be the same as for the sum of an irrational and a single rational number. It is always irrational.
Yes. Rational numbers are numbers that can be written as a fraction. Irrational numbers cannot be expressed as a fraction.
The rational numbers form a field. In particular, the sum or difference of two rational numbers is rational. (This is easy to check directly). Suppose now that a + b = c, with a rational and c rational. Since b = c - a, it would have to be rational too. Thus you can't ever have a rational plus an irrational equalling a rational.