See wikipedia article on polytropic processes.
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Integration results in an equation which gives the area under the original equation between the bounds. Derivation results in an equation which gives the slope of the original line at any point.
it is easy you can see any textbook........
Derivation of x2 or 2x is 2.
In cosmology, the equation of state of a perfect fluid is characterized by a dimensionless number w, equal to the ratio of its pressure p to its energy density ρ: . It is closely related to the thermodynamic equation of state and ideal gas law.
State the problem