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Fuzzy logic
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The difference between probability and fuzzy logic is clear when we consider the underlying concept that each attempts to model. Probability is concerned with the undecidability in the outcome of clearly defined and randomly occurring events, while fuzzy logic is concerned with the ambiguity or undecidability inherent in the description of the event itself. Fuzziness is often expressed as ambiguity rather than imprecision or uncertainty and remains a characteristic of perception as well as concept.
Certainly fuzzy logic is not the best in solving uncertainty, but..... it is on of the best alternatives to that exists to model uncertainty.
This theorem tells, roughly, that any mathematical system can be approximated by fuzzy logic. Hopefully this page http://sipi.usc.edu/~kosko/ helps more.
Boolean Algebra is the study of the algebra of logic whilst Mathematical logic is a way of applying Boolean algebra. Other applications include set theory, digital logic and probability.
A mathematical technique for dealing with imprecise data and problems that have many solutions rather than one. Although it is implemented in digital computers which ultimately make only yes-no decisions, fuzzy logic works with ranges of values, solving problems in a way that more resembles human logic. Fuzzy logic is used for solving problems with expert systems and real-time systems that must react to an imperfect environment of highly variable, volatile or unpredictable conditions. It "smoothes the edges" so to speak, circumventing abrupt changes in operation that could result from relying on traditional either-or and all-or-nothing logic.