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A company proposes a dividend to be paid to shareholders. The shareholders vote on this and the dividend that is actually paid may differ from that proposed.
An interim dividend is declared and paid by the directors subject to the members approval (at the AGM after the accounts have been laid before the members or members written resolution). A final dividend is a dividend approved by the members either in general meeting or by writen resolution. I think these used to be shown as proposed dividends before the latest FRS on events after the balance sheet date or final dividend paid if approved by the members in the year. I believe an interim dividend should be paid in cash but that a final dividend as it is approved by the members could be credited to a directors loan account at the date of approval rather than paid in cash
A dividend due, but not yet paid, to a preferred stock holder.
a small section of anything
If an accrued liability is not recorded, then it is not a liability on the balance sheet. Not sure if the employee's could sue - that's a legal question - but if it was paid at a later date then it would be an expense at the time the liability was paid. If you mean to ask - what happens if an accrued liability for salaries is not paid, or is not timely paid - then the IRS can deny the deduction.