I have included 2 links, which provide additional explanation. A particular variable is independent because it is not affected by other variables under study. Weather conditions (temperature, fair skies or rainy) can be considered independent variables if we are studying attendence at the beach. However, if we are studying global warming, time (usually measured in years or decades) may be an independent variable. You can find many other examples from the links I have provided.
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The independent variable represents the input or causes, or are tested to see if they are the cause.
time
An independent variable is exactly what it sounds like. It is a variable that stands alone and isn't changed by the other variables you are trying to measure. For example, someone's age might be an independent variable.
The dependent variable depends on the independent variable for its values as for example in the straight line equation y = 2x+6 whereas y is the dependent variable and x is the independent variable
No. If you are studying waiting time, for example at a bank, the waiting time could be the dependent variable with the number of open windows as the independent variable.