The answer depends on whether you wish to find one number as a percentage of another or if you want a given percentage of a number.
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It is 100*(Measured Value/True Value - 1)
The formula for finding probability depends on the distribution function.
No because the formula for finding the area of an oval, which is an ellipse, is quite different
There is no formula for this. You have to measure the volume.
The formula for finding area or mass of a cylinder is pi x radius^2density=massxvolume