Subtract a negative 1.
19 - (-1) = 20
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20 - 19 = 1
-19
18
OK, SO 24 - 5 is 19, but how you get there is you count down so 24, 23, 22, 21, 20, 19. You can also do it by setting up a problem:24- 5____OK,SO You can't subtract 5 from 4 and get a positive number, you would get -1. So you borrow. Subtract 1 from the 2 in the tens place and bring that ten to the 4 temporarily to get 14. Then subtract 5 from 14, so 13, 12, 11, 10, 9 and put a 9 under than column. Then, subtract that one from 2 that you took, and your answer is 19! Hope this helps!
4a + 1 - a =19, rewrite your question, 4a + -a + 1 =19, 3a + 1 =19, subtract 1 from each side 3a = 18, divide by 3, a =6