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One way is to get the prime factorization of the number. If every prime occurs an even number of times, it is a square, otherwise, not.

Another is to estimate the square root of the number, and square it. If you get more than the number, try a lower estimate; if less, a higher one. Using interval bisection you very quickly zero in on the square root, if it is a whole number. If so, the number is a perfect square. Otherwise, you find 2 consecutive whole numbers between which is the square root, in which case it is not a perfect square.

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Q: How can you tell if a number is a perfect square?
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