It's Pythagoras, actually.
How did he formulate it? Something like this:
'The square of the hypotenuse of a right triangle is equal to the sum of the squares of the other two legs.'
But he said it in Greek, naturally.
Several proofs of this world-shaking proposition are found in plane geometry, and it would be worth your while to investigate them.
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This is known as the Cosine Rule.
x+0=y x means any number plus 0 equals y which is the answer
There's a rule?
The subject is implicitly "the result of five plus two", which is singular. As a result the verb is in the singular: equalsrather than equal.
You would have to know the rule for calculating a number from the word.