For example, by calculating the surface of a circle, using an integral.
Both kinds of integrals are essentially calculations of areas under curves. In a definite integral the surface whose area is to be calculated is planar. In a line integral the surface whose area to be calculated might occupy two or more dimensions. You might be interested in the animated diagrams in the wikipedia article for the line integral.
Electric flux.
A line integral is a simple integral. they look like: integral x=a to b of (f(x)). A surface integral is an integral of two variables. they look like: integral x=a to b, y=c to d of (f(x,y)). or integral x=a to b of (integral y=c to d of (f(x,y))). The second form is the nested form. A pair of line integrals, one inside the other. This is the easiest way to understand surface integrals, and, normally, solve surface integrals. A volume integral is an integral of three variables. they look like: integral x=a to b, y=c to d, z=e to f of (f(x,y,z)). or integral x=a to b of (integral y=c to d of (integral z=e to f of f(x,y,z))). the above statement is wrong, the person who wrote this stated the first 2 types of integrals as regular, simple, scalar integrals, when line and surface integrals are actually a form of vector calculus. in the previous answer, it is stated that the integrand is just some funtion of x when it is actually usually a vector field and instead of evaluating the integral from some x a to b, you will actually be evaluating the integral along a curve that you will parametrize to get the upper and lower bounds of the integral. as you can see, these are a lot more complicated. looking at your question tho, i dont think you want the whole expanation on how to solve these problems, but more so what they are and what they are used for, because these can be a pain to solve and there are also several ways to solve them indirectly. line integrals have an important part in physics because they alow us to calculate things such as work that have vector values rather than just scalar values as you can use these integrals to describe a particles path along a curve in a force field. surface integrals help us calculate things like flux, or how fluid flows over a surface. if you want to learn more, look into things like greens theorem, or the divergence theorem. p.s. his definition of a surface integral is acutally how you find the volume of a region
In reimann stieltjes integral if we assume a(x) = x then it becomes reimann integral so we can say R-S integral is generalized form of reimann integral.
The surface integral of the electric field is the flux of the electric field through a closed surface. Mathematically, it is given by the surface integral of the dot product of the electric field vector and the outward normal vector to the surface. This integral relates to Gauss's law in electrostatics, where the total electric flux through a closed surface is proportional to the total charge enclosed by that surface.
For example, by calculating the surface of a circle, using an integral.
rift
Both kinds of integrals are essentially calculations of areas under curves. In a definite integral the surface whose area is to be calculated is planar. In a line integral the surface whose area to be calculated might occupy two or more dimensions. You might be interested in the animated diagrams in the wikipedia article for the line integral.
sea floor spreading and landslides
divergent
Electric flux.
yes it does
A line integral is a simple integral. they look like: integral x=a to b of (f(x)). A surface integral is an integral of two variables. they look like: integral x=a to b, y=c to d of (f(x,y)). or integral x=a to b of (integral y=c to d of (f(x,y))). The second form is the nested form. A pair of line integrals, one inside the other. This is the easiest way to understand surface integrals, and, normally, solve surface integrals. A volume integral is an integral of three variables. they look like: integral x=a to b, y=c to d, z=e to f of (f(x,y,z)). or integral x=a to b of (integral y=c to d of (integral z=e to f of f(x,y,z))). the above statement is wrong, the person who wrote this stated the first 2 types of integrals as regular, simple, scalar integrals, when line and surface integrals are actually a form of vector calculus. in the previous answer, it is stated that the integrand is just some funtion of x when it is actually usually a vector field and instead of evaluating the integral from some x a to b, you will actually be evaluating the integral along a curve that you will parametrize to get the upper and lower bounds of the integral. as you can see, these are a lot more complicated. looking at your question tho, i dont think you want the whole expanation on how to solve these problems, but more so what they are and what they are used for, because these can be a pain to solve and there are also several ways to solve them indirectly. line integrals have an important part in physics because they alow us to calculate things such as work that have vector values rather than just scalar values as you can use these integrals to describe a particles path along a curve in a force field. surface integrals help us calculate things like flux, or how fluid flows over a surface. if you want to learn more, look into things like greens theorem, or the divergence theorem. p.s. his definition of a surface integral is acutally how you find the volume of a region
The process of upwelling magma is found a divergent boundaries. As this magma nears the surface it decompresses, and some of it flows onto the surface of the Earth as lava. Magma that solidifies beneath the surface of the Earth hardens into gabbro while lava on the surface of the Earth hardens into basalt. Both of these are igneous rocks. Metamorphic rocks are formed from the heat flowing from the igneous rocks. Sedimentary rocks are formed from the sediments collecting in the basins created from rifting (that is, the divergent boundaries). Metamorphic and sedimentary rocks are not considered to be formed at divergent boundaries.
They are called divergent plate boundaries.
When a hotspot rises and cracks the surface, it is typically associated with a divergent boundary. At divergent boundaries, tectonic plates move apart, allowing magma from the mantle to rise up and create new crust.