Whether you frame your alternative hypothesis, Ha, as one-sided (directional) or two-sided (non-directional) is really up to you, but should be decided before you look at the data. It will affect the calculation of your p-value and ultimately your conclusions from the test. In most cases there will be a sound, obvious reason for choosing one or the other.
For example, if you were testing the effectiveness of a new anti-cholesterol drug you'd probably only be interested in testing whether the average of the experimental group was lower than the control group. So Ha is directional, or one sided. If on the other hand you were testing, for example, whether a Group A performed better on a test than Group B, your Ha would be that the average of Group A does not equal Group B. That is, you're not sure, before you run the test, whether Group A should perform better or worse than Group B. So your test is non-directional, or two-sided.
A null hypothesis is simply a postulate or, put another way, a possible statement of fact. It is a claim about something that might be accepted as true that is to be tested.It does not determine in any way what decision method should be used to test whether it should be accepted. Therefore, it does not determine any aspect of the decision method that is used such as p value.In general there are many rational ways of testing one hypothesis against another. Some of these ways will have better statistical properties than others; some might be cheaper or more convenient to perform. But none would be determined by the pair of hypotheses.
It is the sum of the incomic traffic less the sum of the outgoing traffic, therefore:Traffic = Sum (directional Incoming Traffic i.e. east, west, south, north) - Sum (directional Outgoing Traffic i.e. east, west, south, north)
All statistical tests are part of Inferential analysis; there are no tests conducted in Descriptive analysis · Descriptive analysis- describes the sample's characteristics using… o Metric- ex. sample mean, standard deviation or variance o Non-metric variables- ex. median, mode, frequencies & elaborate on zero-order relationships o Use Excel to help determine these sample characteristics · Inferential Analysis- draws conclusions about population o Types of errors o Issues related to null and alternate hypotheses o Steps in the Hypothesis Testing Procedure o Specific statistical tests
Hundreds, if not more. For a given set of data, you calculate a statistic. Select a null and alternative hypotheses. These may include the kind of distribution as well as parameters about its location and spread (mean and variance). Determine the probability distribution function (pdf) of that statistic when the null hypothesis is true. Decide on the significance level that you wish to use. Determine values of the statistic such that the probability of observing a value at least as extreme is less than the significance level. You have a test. There are almost no constraints on the distribution that you select at the second stage and so, provided you can determine the pdf of the test statistic under your assumptions, there are no limits to the number of tests you can devise.
the percent is x100 and you can determine it by caculating
How else would you determine the validity of the hypothesis.
Hypotheses
After making careful observations, scientists construct hypotheses to explain their observations. These hypotheses are then tested through experiments to determine their validity. Based on the results of experiments, scientists may revise their hypotheses or draw conclusions to further advance knowledge in the field.
Scientists form hypotheses to propose a possible explanation or answer to a specific question or problem they are investigating. These hypotheses are testable and help guide the research process to determine if the proposed explanation is correct or needs to be revised.
A null hypothesis is simply a postulate or, put another way, a possible statement of fact. It is a claim about something that might be accepted as true that is to be tested.It does not determine in any way what decision method should be used to test whether it should be accepted. Therefore, it does not determine any aspect of the decision method that is used such as p value.In general there are many rational ways of testing one hypothesis against another. Some of these ways will have better statistical properties than others; some might be cheaper or more convenient to perform. But none would be determined by the pair of hypotheses.
Scientific hypotheses are most often tested by conducting experiments, collecting data, and analyzing results. This process involves comparing the outcomes of experiments with the predictions made by the hypothesis to determine its validity.
Change the turn signal flasher relay.
Directionalized relays are relays that use a polarizing circuit to determine which "direction" (in the zone of protection, or out of the zone protection) a fault is. There are many different types and different polarizing methods - ground polarizing, voltage polarizing, zero sequence voltage polarizing, negative sequence polarizing, etc. The basic operation of this relay is just like any nondirectional relay, but with an added torque control - the directionalizing element. This element allows the relay to operate when it is satisfied that the fault is within the zone of protection (ie not behind where the relay is looking).
Pivot points are used by chartists to determine directional movement, resistance, and support in trading. They can be said to be predictive or leading indicators.
You can either use a house scale and alternate the two or you can use a balance.
Using the scientific method, scientists can work together to test different hypotheses and determine the best solution for the problem
At present, the existence of alternate universes, or alternate time-lines in our own Universe, is purely a matter of speculation. We not only can not determine if they exist, we're not even sure how we could test their existence.