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Draw a line from the center of the circle to the edge. Where this line intersects the edge draw a line 90 degrees to it. This line is the tangent at the point of intersection.
It will point to the west.
Draw a line. Stop. At the end of the line, draw another line in a different direction. Stop. At the end of that line, draw a line heading back in the general direction of where you started. Stop. Draw a fourth line that connects to your starting point.
It the point is on the line the distance is 0. If the point is not on the line, then it is possible to draw a unique line from the point to the line which is perpendicular to the line. The distance from the point to the line is the distance along this perpendicular to the line.
Since it is possible to draw a line through any two points, if there is a point that does not lie on the same line, it must be a third point.