They are not. They are countably infinite. That is, there is a one-to-one mapping between the set of rational numbers and the set of counting numbers.
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The set of irrational numbers is larger than the set of rational numbers, as proved by Cantor: The set of rational numbers is "countable", meaning there is a one-to-one correspondence between the natural numbers and the rational numbers. You can put them in a sequence, in such a way that every rational number will eventually appear in the sequence. The set of irrational numbers is uncountable, this means that no such sequence is possible. All rational and irrationals (ie real numbers) are a subset of complex numbers. Complex numbers, in turn, are part of a larger group, and so on.
Yes - the set of integers is a subset of the set of rational numbers.
No; there are infinitely many rational numbers.
The set of rational numbers is the union of the set of fractional numbers and the set of whole numbers.
Yes, rational numbers are larger than integer because integers are part of rational numbers.