When you stop part way across a row and turn back toward the other end, you create a short row. By carefully planning your short rows, you can make your knitting take on a three-dimensional shape. For example, short rows can be used to make the heel of a sock or to ease a sweater at the back of the neck or at the bust.
The problem with turning back in the middle of a row is that it leaves an unsightly hole in your knitting, even when you return and knit all of the stitches in the next row. There are three popular solutions to this hole problem. The most popular of those is to wrap a stitch before turning, and then pick up that wrap the next time you knit the wrapped stitch.
It sounds much more complicated than it really is. Check knittinghelp.com which has video clips of techniques like this. Look for instructions on "short rows" and "wrapped stitches" and you should get the picture.
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If you put a mirror in the middle of the shape you should have the same shape on either sides.
To construct a shape in geometry is to draw a shape on paper using drawing instruments.
The idea is that if you repair a tear in clothing as soon as it happens, you might fix it with one stitch of thread, but if you wait, it will tear more and you will end up using ten stitches to fix it. And so it is in general with things that need to be done--often if you do it promptly, it saves work in the long run.
regular hexagon
No, a square is a 2d shape, although a 3d shape can be made using multiple squares at different angles than 180 or 0 to each other.