An exponent means "this many times." So, 4 cubed (to the power of 3; a 3 exponent.) is 4 NOT times 3, but 3 TIMES. So it is 4x4x4(=64). Or, 5 to the power of 5 is 5 times itself 5 times, so, 5x5x5x5x5(=3,125). 3 to the power of 9 is 3 times itself 9 times. Basically, the exponent tells how many times you multiply the number by itself. Does that help?
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A negative exponent is the same as 1/(the positive exponent). For example, 2^3 is (2*2*2) = 8. 2^(-3) is 1/(2*2*2) = 1/8. So, just calculate the positive exponent version, and put it under 1.
You cannot because an exponent cannot be solved: only an equation or inequality can be solved. In any case, the answer will depend on the nature of the equation and which exponent is missing. Without that information there cannot be any sensible answer.
16y3 / 20y4 = 16/20 * y3/y4 = 4/5 * y3-4 = 4/5 * y-1 or 4/5y
Any exponent to the power of zero is simply 1, with the exception of zero itself! Zero to the power of zero has no definitive answer, though it may sometimes be taken as equal to one.