To trace a curve using differential calculus, you use the fact that the first derivative of the function is the slope of the curve, and the second derivative is the slope of the first derivative.
What this means is that the zeros (roots) of the first derivative give the extrema (max or min) or an inflection point of the function. Evaluating the first derivative function at either side of the zero will tell you whether it is a min/max or inflection point (i.e. if the first derivative is negative on the left of the zero and positive on the right, then the curve has a negative slope, then a min, then a positive slope).
The second derivative will tell you if the curve is concave up or concave down by evaluating if the second derivative function is positive or negative before and after extrema.
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Just about all of calculus is based on differential and integral calculus, including Calculus 1! However, Calculus 1 is more likely to cover differential calculus, with integral calculus soon after. So there really isn't a right answer for this question.
That is the part of calculus that is basically concerned about calculating derivatives. A derivative can be understood as the slope of a curve. For example, the line y = 2x has a slope of 2 at any point of the line, while the parabola y = x squared has a slope of 2x at any point of the curve.
To a great extent, differential calculus is concerned with the slopes of curves - or with things that can be graphically represented as slopes, such as speed (the speed graph is a curve in a distance vs. time graph).
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xx + sincos