Both can be calculated easily using Snell's Law, which you can find easily online. However to use Snell's law you will need one of the angle of incidence or refraction as well as the refractive index of the media the light ray passes through
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No, doubling the angle of incidence itself will not cause a doubling of the angle of refraction.
The angle of incidence
Angle of refraction will be less compared to the angle of incidence in this case.
The COEFFICIENT of Refraction.
Not exactly, the angle of refraction = the angle of incidence, which means the ratio of sine of angle of incidence to the sine of angle of refraction is constant for two media. That is sin i /sin r = constant , and this constant is called refractive index