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They are the product of the number of possible outcomes for each of the component events.
I assume you mean how many possible outcomes when looking at all 13 results. It would be 2^13 = 8192
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It is not. There are only two possible outcomes for each toss of a coin whereas the number of possible outcomes when selecting a marble from a bag will depend on the numbers of distinct marbles in each bag. The coin toss generates a binomial distribution the marbles experiment is multinomial.
The 50/50 chance means there are two outcomes, and each on is equally likely. A coin has a 50% chance of coming up heads and 50% chance of coming up tails. If we have a number of events or outcomes, and little information to based which one is more likely to occur, we can assume that they are equiprobable events or outcomes. You can learn more by searching wikipedia under equiprobable.