depending on: the type of electrode, and gap between material, and material thickness, and whether or not the groove is beveled... roughly 1 electrode per 8 inches for a cover pass, and 1 electrode per 16 inches for a root pass
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Inch dia = Number of weld joints X Size of the pipe
With large diameters like that you will most probably need to insert a weld-on 12 inch - 10 inch reducer at the point where the reduction is required. The pipe and reducer perimeter edges should be bevelled, say 45 degrees, for good weld penetration especially if the pipe conveys fluid under pressure.
A closure weld is a technique of sealing an object in which powerful electrical current or heat is used to melt the surfaces together. This is used extensively in industrial applications.
The 'face' of the weld may be slightly convex, flat, or slightly concave.
There is no answer. There are to many factors to generate an accurate response. When estimating, your best bet is to refer to similar jobs that your company and employees have completed. Those production rates will be the most accurate. When quantifying weld per inch Dia. Given varying degrees of environmental restrictions, wall thickness, procedure, pipe type and size, the hang over that your crew has from the night before and the rest of the equation it is difficult to determine what production rates will be. My recommendation is to use previous proven production rates and work on improving the management coordination, material and equipment supply and communication to the crew. if focus is given in these areas a substantial increase in previously realized production rates will be seen.