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The cross section of a sphere is most often a circle. When the cross section is taken parallel to the base of a cylinder, it is also a circle.
The cross section, of a 3D object, is the 2D shape made when a 2D plane cuts across the 3D object. Often "cross section" refers to the shape made when the plane is at right angles to an axis of the 3D object but this need not be the case.
They need not be. Many electromagnets are circular disks or toroidal (donut shaped). Bar magnets, not surprisingly, are bar shaped - often with a rectangular cross section.
A sequence where a particular number is added to or subtracted from any term of the sequence to obtain the next term in the sequence. It is often call arithmetic progression, and therefore often written as A.P. An example would be: 2, 4, 6, 8, 10, ... In this sequence 2 is added to each term to obtain the next term.
When you multiply the number 142 by the number 4 you will get the factor 568. Multiplication (often denoted by the cross symbol "_") is the mathematical operation of scaling one number by another.