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Which are the fluctuating dividend policies?
this policy is that policy which is fluctuating in nature and the shareholders do not generally go for this dividend policy.
What is divident policy?
DividendsDividends are payments made to stockholders from a firm's earnings, whether those earnings were generated in the current period or in previous periods. Dividend PolicyOnce a company makes a profit, management must decide on what to do with those profits. They could continue to retain the profits within the company, or they could pay out the profits to the owners of the firm in the form of dividends.Once the company decides on whether to pay dividends they may establish a somewhat permanent dividend policy, which may in turn impact on investors and perceptions of the company in the financial markets. What they decide depends on the situation of the company now and in the future. It also depends on the preferences of investors and potential investors.
What are the assumptions of MM approach?
The MM approach to irrelevance of dividend is based on the following assumptions:· The capital markets are perfect and the investors behave rationally.· All information is freely available to all the investors.· There is no transaction cost.· Securities are divisible and can be split into any fraction. No investor can affect the market price.· There are no taxes and no flotation cost.· The firm has a defined investment policy and the future profits are known with certainty. The implication is that the investment decisions are unaffected by the dividend decision and the operating cash flows are same no matter which dividend policy is adopted.The modelUnder the assumptions stated above, MM argue that neither the firm paying dividends nor the shareholders receiving the dividends will be adversely affected by firms paying either too little or too much dividends. They have used the arbitrage process to show that the division of profits between dividends and retained earnings is irrelevant from the point of view of the shareholders. They have shown that given the investment opportunities, a firm will finance these either by ploughing back profits of if pays dividends, then will raise an equal amount of new share capital externally by selling new shares. The amount of dividends paid to existing shareholders will be replaced by new share capital raised externally.In order to satisfy their model, MM has started with the following valuation model.P0= 1* (D1+P1)/ (1+ke)Where,P0 = Present market price of the shareKe = Cost of equity share capitalD1 = Expected dividend at the end of year 1P1 = Expected market price of the share at the end of year 1With the help of this valuation model we will create a arbitrage process, i.e., replacement of amount paid as dividend by the issue of fresh capital. The arbitrage process involves two simultaneous actions. With reference to dividend policy the two actions are:· Payment of dividend by the firm· Rising of fresh capital.With the help of arbitrage process, MM have shown that the dividend payment will not have any effect on the value of the firm. Even if the firm pays dividends, resulting in a increase in market value of the share, the effect on the value of the firm will be neutralised by the decrease in terminal value of the share.
What is modigliani miller hypothesis?
Quoted from Wikipedia: "The basic theorem states that, in the absence of taxes, bankruptcy costs, and asymmetric information, and in an efficient market, the value of a firm is unaffected by how that firm is financed. It does not matter if the firm's capital is raised by issuing stock or selling debt. It does not matter what the firm's dividend policy is. Therefore, the Modigliani-Miller theorem is also often called the capital structure irrelevance principle."
What are the five elements of policy design?
1- problem identification 2- policy formulation 3- agenda setting 4- decision making 5- policy implementation
