Under today's rules governing the Roman numeral system the equivalent of 14, 19, 89, and 99 converted into Roman are XIV, XIX, LXXXIX and XCIX respectively which renders addition of them quite difficult if not possible at all.
But it's quite possible that the equivalent of these numbers were wrtten out in a simplified format as IXV. IXX, IXC and IC respectively which makes addition of them simple and straightforward as follows:-
IXV+IXX = XXXIII (15-1)+(20-1) = 33
XXXIII+IXC = CXXII (33)+(100-11) = 122
CXXII+IC = CCXXI (122)+(100-1) = 221
Alternatively in expanded format gives the same results:-
XIIII+XVIIII = XXXIII (14+19 = 33)
XXXIII+LXXXVIIII = CXXII (33+89 = 122)
CXXII+LXXXXVIIII = CCXXI (122+99 = 221)
Evidence that the Romans probably sometimes did their calculations in the above manner can be found in the reference book 'History of Mathematics' volume 2 by David Eugene Smith first published in 1925 and ISBN 0486 204 308
For example LXXXVIIIIS (89.5) is simplified to SXC (100-10.5 = 89.5)
Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5. I=1 and S=1/2
The way in which we write out Roman numerals today is different to the way that the Romans actually did themselves and as a consequence it's difficult if not possible to write out the equivalent of 999.5 into Roman numerals in today's format of them. But the Romans would have worked out the equivalent of 999.5 on an abacus counting board as DCCCCLXXXXVIIIIS and then simplified it to SM (1000-0.5) in written form making addition straightforward as follows:- SM+SM = IMM (2000-1) Due to changes in the rules governing the Roman numeral system today we would write out the equivalent of 1999 as MCMXCIX rather than IMM. Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1 and S=1/2
Today you mainly see them on the end credits of TV and Films, in books (showing the copyright), and on buildings (indicating the year built). Many sporting events use roman numerals to designate the event. (e.g. XXI Winter Olympics or Super Bowl XLIV).
When in Rome do as the Romans do because the ancient Romans would have probably added together the given numbers in either of the following configurations:- As: MDCCLXXVI+IC = MDCCCLXXV => 1776+(100-1) = 1875. MDCCCLXXV+CMMVII = MMMDCCLXXXII => 1875+(2007-100) = 3782. Or as: MDCCLXXVI+LXXXXVIIII = MDCCCLXXV => 1776+99 = 1875. MDCCCLXXV+MDCCCCVII = MMMDCCLXXXII => 1875+1907 = 3782. Note that in todays modern configuration of Roman numerals 99 and 1907 are now considered to be XCIX and MCMVII respectively. The above calculations are fairly simple and straightforward but for more complicated calulations the Romans would have used an abacus counting device.
Today we write out 991 into Roman numerals as CMXCI. However, there is evidence showing that the Romans themselves would have probably wrote out this number as MDCCCCLXXXXI. The rules governing the Roman numeral system were introduced during the Middle Ages centuries after the decline of the Roman Empire
Roman numerals:IX*IX = LXXXILXXXI/III = XXVIIXXVII+LXXIII = LXXXXVIIIII => CArabic numerals:9*9 = 8181/3 = 2727+73 = 100
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Cmxcix + xiv + mcmlxxxvii = mmm. It should be all in capital letters, but the system changed them.
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Because the Latin language is still used today and Roman numerals are in fact Latin numerals. Roman numerals are most often used to represent the year of a date in a more formal way, for example when they show the year in the end credits of a movie, or when showing ordinal numbers, like the third, fourth, fifth of something, etc.
When in Rome do as the Roman do and the ancient Romans would have probably added together 1999 and 3001 in either of the following ways:- IMM+MMMI = (V) => (2000-1)+3001 = 1000*5 = 5000 MDCCCCLXXXXVIIII+MMMI = (V) => 1999+30001 = 5000 Note that in todays modern configuration of Roman numerals 1999 is now considered to be MCMXCIX
The way in which we write out Roman numerals today is different to the way that the Romans actually did themselves and as a consequence it's difficult if not possible to write out the equivalent of 999.5 into Roman numerals in today's format of them. But the Romans would have worked out the equivalent of 999.5 on an abacus counting board as DCCCCLXXXXVIIIIS and then simplified it to SM (1000-0.5) in written form making addition straightforward as follows:- SM+SM = IMM (2000-1) Due to changes in the rules governing the Roman numeral system today we would write out the equivalent of 1999 as MCMXCIX rather than IMM. Roman numerals: M=1000, D=500, C=100, L=50, X=10, V=5, I=1 and S=1/2
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Nowadays we would convert 1900 into Roman numerals as MCM but the ancient Romans would have probably worked out the given numbers as follows:-X+CMM+XC = MM => 10+(2000-100)+(100-10) = 2000X+MDCCCC+LXXXX = MM => 10+1900+90 = 2000QED
Today you mainly see them on the end credits of TV and Films, in books (showing the copyright), and on buildings (indicating the year built). Many sporting events use roman numerals to designate the event. (e.g. XXI Winter Olympics or Super Bowl XLIV).
When in Rome do as the Romans do because the ancient Romans would have probably added together the given numbers in either of the following configurations:- As: MDCCLXXVI+IC = MDCCCLXXV => 1776+(100-1) = 1875. MDCCCLXXV+CMMVII = MMMDCCLXXXII => 1875+(2007-100) = 3782. Or as: MDCCLXXVI+LXXXXVIIII = MDCCCLXXV => 1776+99 = 1875. MDCCCLXXV+MDCCCCVII = MMMDCCLXXXII => 1875+1907 = 3782. Note that in todays modern configuration of Roman numerals 99 and 1907 are now considered to be XCIX and MCMVII respectively. The above calculations are fairly simple and straightforward but for more complicated calulations the Romans would have used an abacus counting device.