At the earth's surface, a block with a force of 10 newtons has a mass of 1.02kg
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Mass is in kilograms - weight is different. Say if someone says they weigh 50 kilograms this is wrong - their mass is 50 kilograms. You multiply their mass by the force of gravity (around 9.8 Newtons on Earth although we'll round it to 10) so each kilogram has a weight of 10 Newtons (even though it is 9.8, we are rounding). So you simply multiply 50 by 10 to obtain 500 Newtons. So mass is measured in kilograms and not to be confused with weight.
Weight is a measure of the gravitational pull for a mass , such that a mass of 1 Kg is having a weight of 10 Newton . So weight is a downward force measured in Newtons . Weight ( in N ) = Mass ( in Kg ) × Gravity ( usually 10N/Kg )
On earth: 98 newtons (22.1 pounds) On the moon: 16 newtons (3.6 pounds)
The question, as stated, cannot be answered sensibly. A kilogram is a measure of mass, with dimensions [M]. A Newton is a measure of force, with dimensions [MLT-2]. The two measure different things and basic dimensional analysis teaches that you cannot convert between measures with different dimensions such as these without additional information. The force associated with a mass of 10 kg could be its weight, in which case the 10 kg mass needs to be multipied by the accelaration due to gravity. This varies over the surface of the earth but is generally taken to be 9.8 metres per second2. Using that value, the weight of a 10 kg mass would be 98 Newtons.
You can't. They are different units that depends on the force acting on the mass. For example, if the only force were gravity (approx 10), you would have approx 1088.6 Newtons