Rational numbers are all those numbers that can be expressed as Q/P where Q,P are Integers. This is the mathematical definition.
In your case Q = 5 and P = 12
The non-mathematical definition is : Rational is a number that its last digit can be calculated exactly in a finite amount of calculations.
Pi for example can't be calculated exactly in finite number of steps, noone knows its last digit for this reason, more precisely there is no last digit for it. However, 0.4166 may have infinite number of digits, but we can calculate that its "last digit" is no other than 6. I put "last digit" in quotations, because it has an infinite digits.
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As much as, in these days of uncertainty, anything can be anything. As long as the constraints of a rational number are kept to, a rational number will always remain a rational number.
Yes.
Yes, but only if the rational number is 0.
Only if the rational number is 0.
A rational number which is an integer can be simplified to a form in which the denominator is 1. That is not possible for a rational number which is not an integer.