Basically, an integer is a number that does NOT have digits after the decimal point (nor should it have a fractional part).
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The reason is that 49 is divisible with numbers other than 1 and itself. 49 is divisible by 1, 7 and 49.
The √49 is 7. It is a rational number.
49 is a composite number because it has more than two factors. The three factors of 49 are 1, 7, and 49.
It is 49, which is an integer and so has no simpler form.
No - 48 is not the square of an integer, though 49 is.