Yes.
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A scalar is any single number, like 27, while a matrix contains at least 2 numbers such as [27, 3].
In mathematics and physics, a scalar field associates a scalar value to every point in a space. The scalar may either be a mathematical number, or a physical quantity.
I don't see any direction mentioned there, so it has to be a scalar.
A matrix and a scalar is a matrix. S + M1 = M2. A scalar is a real number whose square is positive. A matrix is an array of numbers, some of which are scalars and others are vectors, square of the number is negative. A matrix can be a quaternion, the sum of a scalars and three vectors.
Yes, a scalar can be a negative number. For instance: c<x₁,x₂> = <cx₁,cx₂> such that <x₁,x₂> is a vector. Let c = -1 for instance. Then, we have this vector: <-x₁,-x₂> Compared to <x₁,x₂>, <-x₁,-x₂> has negative signs. In physics and mathematics, if we multiply the vector or something by a negative value scalar, then the direction of the vector is reversed, and the magnitude stays the same. If the magnitude increases/decreases, and the direction of the vector is reversed, then we can multiply the vector by any negative non-1 scalar value.