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No. One observation will normally get you onevalue, not a set of values. Also, to be precise, the observation is the act of observing; the value is the result of the observation, not the observation itself.
If you take a measurement multiple times, and get similar values each time, then the data is said to be very precise. If this group of data is very close to the expected value, then the data is said to be accurate. However, a set of data may be precise without being accurate if the measured values are all similar to one another, but not close to the expected value.
The set needs to be seen for an accurate value. A complete set of Lincoln cents from 1938 to 1959 has 62 coins in it.
They are the same thing. They give you an accurate representation of all the values in a data set
It depends on the size and mass of the rock. For a "normal" rock (as opposed to merely a stone) I suggest a crane with some means for measuring the rock's mass. A number of pulleys, each with a weighing machine should do the trick. Alternatively, you could use a weighbridge, if there is one in the vicinity. To obtain its volume, you probably need a 3-d laser-profiling device. That should give the most precise measurement of its volume.