No. It's straight through the center of the sphere
that the curved surface is part of.
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The imaginary line that extends straight out from the center of a reflective surface is the optical axis.
Actually, answer 1 is for the volume, not the surface area. Aside from that, there are lots of ways to bore a hole in a cylinder. If it goes from one base (a flat face) to the other (or part of the way) parallel to the axis, answer 1 is correct (for the volume). If it is not parallel to the axis, or if it is bored from the curved surface of the cylinder, it is much more complicated. Assuming, as in answer 1, that the hole goes all the way from one base to the other parallel to the axis, to get the surface area you would add the surface area of the outer cylinder to that of the hole (just the curved surface portion), and then subtract the areas of the circular holes in the two bases, each of which is pi x the radius of the hole squared. I'm assuming you know how to calculate the surface area of a cylinder. This is the area of the curved surface, which is 2 x pi x the radius x the height, plus 2 x the area of each base, which is pi x the radius squared. ========================================================== Use the formula:- Volume of a cylinder = Pi X Radius squared X Length , to find the volume of a solid cylinder. Repeat the same calculation with the same formula, to find the Volume of the cylinder of fresh air within the cylinder . Subtract the fresh air Volume from the Solid Cylinder Volume. That will be your answer . Think about your problem, then it is dead easy.
Any line with the equation [ x = any number ] is parallel to the y-axis.
The slope (or gradient) if the line is parallel to the y-axis, is infinite. If it's parallel to the x-axis the slope is zero.
axis or optical center