No. The set does not include inverses.
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Yes.
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In the first stage, the set of all integers needs an extension - to the set of rational numbers - to get closure for division (which is the inverse operation to multiplication).
All numbers - integers as well as non-integers - are combined using different mathematical operations. Some operators are binary: that is, they combine two numbers to produce a third; some are ternary (combine 3 to produce a fourth) and so on.The set of integers is closed under some operations: common examples are addition, subtraction, multiplication, exponentiation. But not all operators are: division, for example.
I am not at all sure that there are any rules that apply to integers in isolation. Any rules that exist are in the context of binary operations like addition or multiplication of integers.